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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- @7 a. Q' W2 |1 Y4 t* P
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ ^, w K$ @, i& w6 w
Exposure to Testosterone- H. K0 K$ D7 r! a, x2 T) x
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* E' p& w) {7 Z$ G) q- H1 M
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. i0 I, x( ~7 N) R
Clinical Pediatrics
' d6 C# \, ?1 T; E" r4 b/ lVolume 46 Number 6$ F+ r9 r% K7 F5 w$ Y6 R
July 2007 540-543
V% ^' @8 Y ^- X/ E+ L© 2007 Sage Publications
4 X0 C8 y1 `8 s10.1177/0009922806296651) L: V( B% n6 A, q- |: E
http://clp.sagepub.com- K2 C& j+ J) ]% \2 r' w
hosted at
' `$ c Q; ]- |2 W* U$ Chttp://online.sagepub.com- Q `& \, ^* ~# R, T) u! `$ e
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral, a6 h, x' r6 _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ I7 q8 J5 b$ V2 ]3 e. gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. L& A2 U1 P1 ]0 |6 |* O1 r" r6 Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- b# \0 | o- x3 X8 ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 l% c J! ~; u" ?0 l8 t( P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 f4 i4 }' {7 c+ T. A) L$ jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 `0 v* C. e w1 R. i; `3 bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 h" s1 O$ M/ \# I( l, G: n
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 N7 T h% n* {6 I" jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: s2 Q9 r+ N- |4 d& o
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& f( e6 A# b2 e. B. |# f5 ?ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 g2 E7 |; {" u a, w7 A+ m% X
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by Y+ _" i# x/ m5 W* ]1 F m; E' U
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 m) a# ?( ~- ^0 Y8 U9 x' h1 Rmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ ?5 c& ]4 f" X9 E, q& v5 _4 `5 `3 q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ I, f5 B* Q' ^' r* z s
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* q- ]3 P. M# r6 q; I0 L! h
bly more common than the rare case report in the
# I- C4 X% K$ |* f$ f, @literature.4. r) ]/ E1 S; W; t2 d' F3 l
Patient Report/ Y Q" _" d9 Q# i
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
S" ]/ S- P7 Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' s: g' ?$ l! F# E( t1 i* G. }, h
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, T7 [' L, i% N# ^% U6 p) elight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ H+ v$ p1 I' X2 T! v- |From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% s: k% U: ^. K' N4 g4 A4 t! ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* Y1 q( S. O' a! T' a4 f3 TAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( D, E. }: k+ d. G8 H: \5 M" A6 f/ A8 x
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. w: r9 r3 E" {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 J, F q2 u, i0 j9 M
e-mail: [email protected].
- {. x9 c! E" x# Q$ Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 @7 E! h2 u$ _& D+ z. D j Jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" p, W7 A d t8 Qment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 [3 `, b* {1 n" R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! I3 a: M8 n4 `+ i( Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 M. G! y6 m3 o. ?20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 M. x k8 e, x; Eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% V# r" ~6 ]% D0 H! h
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ F6 b, B( m$ `2 o# v" Mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 v S$ w& n( J# @% ?% Rwas age appropriate.1 L7 R8 I& X+ a( L' |/ W& P
The family history was remarkable for the father,9 L$ n3 o5 t% c1 n( u
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 u3 z: B0 f/ r7 P6 T7 Owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# e# j4 n9 \2 rheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) @, V; R& E5 @) x0 `$ h/ x5 v4 r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 k2 ?' R7 _, C
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 y2 ?2 P2 U# o) W+ o
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 S& o* r* {+ k& ~( p* \( p
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! k5 ~" {" y2 v+ d5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 Q, K( Y* p6 ?7 j# Qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% P9 `* I- H; [7 K# j/ i
tives. There were no siblings. c* U/ r A& c, w
Physical Examination
6 o- s5 Z G7 k6 H2 o; {: \0 mThe physical examination revealed a very active,' x4 u" R& j& Z+ L2 j8 t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ q/ _! t+ A) I0 r) M. k0 }a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. @5 `: _9 V# J* w5 T7 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ C; l* N0 H5 p+ [1 a(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 G: y/ f# w2 Q0 T1 D vvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: {6 W% `: ?* f5 z5 G: [the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
' V3 S: u6 `9 t4 R" \+ |5 ]The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 a( j% |7 m% W: q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! f- T8 l$ v3 f8 {$ O+ P, z- d7 c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 G! T# w( f* W! i9 @5 M% O1 C8 ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% |5 y( T9 ]* u# n/ w
540
* D4 V+ ~$ y. Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 g' g3 m$ Z a* }: x( v! t
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 e6 F. V4 f; R- p O
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.3 {4 i) l& `$ d9 V
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 [- H9 J+ S* _ T
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 K, E: }6 E" a8 e- X3 @abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* b" U' c/ H" M$ O. M' X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! a5 t& Z9 @: v! c8 ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 g+ m5 j6 S4 u0 nof papilledema.0 D* ?9 J) w" Q: l
Laboratory Evaluation
7 y% r9 p+ G3 z- d: BThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ Q7 l* u8 ^8 }# d, R. Fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 R1 i5 O7 i# G1 t
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' L9 J- W3 I$ h
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! B. G" l4 U+ E' B$ k; O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" t5 w, i" ]" B
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 p7 d! s8 ?6 c% q/ T
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" Y, }7 V2 M4 k8 B5 j6 @+ Turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: H# r; E4 @+ C
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 Z/ z# o9 ?# n8 Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 _+ ^5 b+ B9 M7 V k) P(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 u$ w/ {3 e. q) L5 w6 }& n& Rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ \9 Y/ R' F0 }$ i& Kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& o1 m! o& ]5 odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' |3 @1 @0 \9 r, i& U. e5 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) }: t: T& |! K; ~9 K& O/ bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ a) L' L6 l3 Q0 g& }0 j# w
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ y( @9 O' ?/ e8 E2 G( h/ |: \testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 S U/ n* p3 ~- q' D- e
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) g- B7 k- F, O O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ o+ y; Q; @. M; v6 l& m2 Ostimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 d$ q5 ]2 |2 _" D9 Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" e3 t# k! p" B) p/ Z
(prepubertal).4 U) m* m- h+ j. K3 p
The parents were notified about the laboratory ]5 U' K4 x7 X/ J
results and were informed that all of the tests were: t: v! {9 p# ^! {
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
. \$ u, T4 ~% m( u% U( Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 i e5 g6 w Y. U
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how- N! x$ k$ }8 J/ G9 T% h5 U+ K* c
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* z( m$ b5 ~1 |: P
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 h* s; ^( a5 ?, b8 k
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" v$ c0 g6 O1 l5 u9 w3 u2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# w2 s9 b' i% _' `( L
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% g( u! d: c, J( b3 _) ]6 q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) f' J* t+ q5 Y# k3 C, V2 U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. p( F/ K5 B! @5 k9 {+ Q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 `. X/ R( u8 ?* z1 B4 dThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 N0 e/ s" r. \8 `& k, P! b+ N4 f
ing frequent erections.
4 b7 I8 m# a, w7 C5 e* |8 Z; ~' @& jBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 @3 n8 P* H5 [3 K: \5 hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to( o0 e6 b) e i5 X
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) x! s4 A+ x4 nTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
& J8 {8 F& M3 I1 f$ Y) q6 Huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! L8 b5 E3 n; {6 q; B" Ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for c( m, I& l5 F% h6 f% Q9 r7 \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- W: z$ r6 b' E6 j& V
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! }$ S, d& f1 H1 S% O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" L7 @6 ^0 x( }5 }secondary to depression., H7 D: V( ]" _/ H: e0 ?6 M
The child slept in the same bed with parents.. U$ h0 n5 ]( x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 }8 Y9 X E9 c9 u. |! |chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 v+ k: e- z/ r2 W9 R: i" ^: p1 M3 z8 z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father. t8 h5 U7 y& z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
! B4 z5 T2 E/ m/ B& ^( rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby- P2 z# g, }9 r/ L
was high, he then read the product information& b9 `8 R9 b7 ]1 w$ W! G+ _
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 ~" j$ k* T& [5 P% A" Q# fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# f7 E/ z; H$ ~4 ?2 }; g& T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 M6 P1 _3 i8 }% z# b' ^: P& C4 afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had) W* N) C+ c+ a* r3 Z6 f
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 g; c6 I6 R: E, G- w2 m
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the* c6 Q. c& Q& G/ G# v8 c
laboratory to obtain the test.( C5 k- |; I# F8 s+ H. h: v Y% @; S
Discussion2 a1 q' D: s j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
K* q: ~# H# Z5 {7 Z9 N/ E1 zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 r4 {6 e+ t4 c3 DPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ K+ U; p0 W6 T$ i5 @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! U( }4 Q3 z# U3 Z# j/ q+ ^
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 T+ \5 B. f6 C% X, f# I5 l5 A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ }! E5 P! a: Y9 q# Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is/ S- m( g& ?' c9 M @3 N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 t0 A! j2 @7 o( [9 O- mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 O6 s# \. T5 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 ^6 o! U+ I/ u; ~
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! ~5 S3 \% T X3 l8 rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' `& y6 g. Z S2 b: o1 u
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 r% D0 H$ D& Q2 |$ [' hgonadotropins.1,3
# b# g! y, Z6 jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 Q1 Q, R! A0 Z9 _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! S5 ~3 `. R" t, ?% \
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 B2 z6 u/ A/ t+ }
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: l+ z6 f: N) l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& i5 I% @) J! H: ^! H' K! r; O1 \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 L! ~. T$ g1 ~) Z3 Q7 ]& X5 }# y+ h
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious ?& c" |( a# v8 x# D6 l
puberty in boys.3,4
* D: f4 m& ~! K0 B* Y& z. SThe most common form of congenital adrenal
- j, c5 T, r0 X' o3 X" L# Z7 z3 ?hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 D) q- N# I5 m. h1 ^1 sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% l; n( V6 x* T; y0 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ ]0 N! e/ `' A: r: l5 K; kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. s( ~% k% q6 v* l% H! F! Zexcess.1,3
9 }& K& L a* ]2 Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. @) u( Q9 B4 s! ]4 u0 c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 w9 C, y6 l" Y) x4 p6 GA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! Z$ ]& @4 K7 g
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 W! k4 o3 @/ v w0 z
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 R2 g. E1 z8 s0 t+ qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys* c' g) @+ n* A+ }1 G
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. W+ Q* t: A1 k4 \3 K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. f$ v/ ?' b9 U0 ~3 \6 Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 `3 S" T' T% v, [# m4 g& Care suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 j: U, k; m3 L$ J9 b: ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& G6 u: g8 x% ^; e/ ?
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 f& r1 u; g% n( U- Bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 D; i5 l7 Q; N8 z
males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 @8 R/ K9 j3 y3 d% @* u" V3 dmay have similar precocious puberty.3$ V7 D J, V7 _! H8 [1 @2 i
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 H; u; L+ B; b; c! U* L! ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-8 j) i4 b: W% }5 R; _( g; }/ t) p. q1 q+ g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ {. _+ Y/ R9 L. p/ Hwas in the differential diagnosis because his father; z- o ?5 j3 t% D# G- B
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& d* b X5 w9 h. ?2 ]
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) _: Q, O! G+ K* U, ?& r
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" r& { p0 m" y* ^/ F. a
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 C/ }+ g3 \1 m7 G7 L" rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" ^2 m1 l5 n, c- L; Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 E8 N9 F& b9 m- ]7 D% v/ C
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
0 q1 y( x9 h# y. aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" S; w& R U$ }) Q. C: L! m* `3 m! MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% f, b& O1 G. e! F; ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 f8 w* F( T5 ~; P8 C3 |0 M
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) P5 B8 j3 c4 H- L6 {6 I/ ?
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 Y/ G3 L5 N2 q0 L5 \decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, o, k B8 ^0 |! j. E1 ?+ x- Dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' m4 g" R4 O9 C; `! K% ]5 n8 [( X- J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 Z# q q( `$ @( ~: i. kDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* U$ \, f. q5 ~2 Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 o" p5 l7 r' }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.: Y7 L' x! Y2 j' F
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 t: o5 T! B; ?- L$ C9 Z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, {1 Z+ ^+ K7 R9 u
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( ?+ @- s& f( V! B+ v2 _( zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* \! J: s _3 P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 ]1 A; B9 ]9 Q2 t: VOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; J) m* w& S* k( a$ y8 Z+ Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 P$ \ L4 j2 [8 z4 Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 i l' u; A" [( u) e1 v$ L& `: b, Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 z7 z2 j) V1 j" V* s$ L1 ~& f3 Dactive in young children exposed to testosterone
9 E7 N/ `" P, R% s8 {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 q. o z0 L: O; I" f5 T5 K
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 a. @" S7 x8 X1 c4 cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 h/ n o5 }5 D$ \; ^9 u% {* \children results in an increase in growth velocity and" V @# ]+ _% n8 p6 k
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 e& [) u+ _3 G, U5 N1 U. U7 p- {The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 t. u- J7 C- o2 j, U0 x9 qearly childhood on pubertal development and final+ U0 U7 x3 f+ q/ j4 e5 i1 R6 e
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 j" n" {5 S. S0 f( [
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; L, ^$ j) z1 h# [4 c, @! mterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 X: O9 {- G; Y3 o9 l9 b
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% s. \( t& Z6 }9 X! O( w
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& \2 r, }0 z$ z2 bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( e K/ j1 ?9 U. @6 n4 h. ~1 F; IThere are conflicting reports and controversy$ N5 }/ M5 p) x+ y; I9 K; b. v; |
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- H& O$ n# P$ a( U5 V ?" n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# l3 m; e6 g0 u9 }- m
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg- h7 Z- a T( N1 S" A, l, k
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ X( I. Z; Y/ I( z6 d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( k( m' `% J+ q
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) `3 g0 J5 @) U ^$ Q# k$ s! F5 C1 p
penile length in clinical studies.
: \9 S0 D- g- j/ j2 f% oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* ?2 B1 O$ c j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
! g8 k( r: e. r) b' Atestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* f' U& ~0 g% X" P& o: z" hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. \4 x" ^5 M9 C7 x( A6 ^/ c& f1 s6 c" SAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
d" Q% j: s& Z; qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 u) p+ b2 @! ~: _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- r C+ ~8 m/ P' V0 d) k, hheight will not be affected.3 Q" j) C$ _) s/ f3 z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ ~, P, o3 ~' Y
ability of androgen products in our society may8 m" _, |# w! J& L) g9 V! c6 |
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 i" {+ }2 D9 d( u2 ?4 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' i: x9 y/ u) \0 V( c3 U
gen products must be considered and specific ques-( W; a# r1 I! d
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
$ B; J, u! a( f$ S( F9 lgel should be asked of the family members during7 {4 b3 b5 @/ G7 h3 `
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: }7 [0 K- Q3 S6 W( z& J' Oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 V3 G( K( @ f8 Z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by( s! z" V& i! C5 I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 x }$ S( R0 O+ [ c+ fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, Y. E9 v: h8 `! a/ O- L
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! O6 d# i( m' v9 h
investigation. The primary care physician should be0 I- S. u7 L1 r# G* u* p
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% ^. }5 s; |1 vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 q0 C8 h$ w/ j0 ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a5 k, K+ a, y8 |! Q) A* [
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ Z( {- G# Q* D' D/ Z8 e( t( O
female child who might come in contact with some-. L6 U* m0 ? O* g& C6 }
one using any of these products.
$ E2 e1 p n" P6 c f8 ?4 z! xReferences
' s% F# p$ ~5 I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. j% s5 Q' ]. E+ \and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 F9 B, \- J: E/ pEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) ~+ N$ m6 @$ g8 m# X2002: 565-628.7 t+ v& m* L* g j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* T; p/ s6 o- npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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