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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& _1 {* f! S& |9 v% T1 w) I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical7 W% _# n/ H" R& V. r
Exposure to Testosterone
, X) `& x/ l: `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2# ]8 v1 Q* W  W4 Q. c
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, n- m$ M4 I) K3 N( F. u# a, g
Clinical Pediatrics
; z+ o1 g! F7 }8 _Volume 46 Number 6/ R# A$ v6 J+ s8 S& y0 r
July 2007 540-543
  F4 \' |5 p; i- f; S© 2007 Sage Publications* ~' W) A2 z/ q+ _; @+ r$ h% o5 v
10.1177/0009922806296651- s! X. a. Q- r
http://clp.sagepub.com3 M4 W% ~5 V1 ]$ K& |3 k% e
hosted at% k4 ]! d9 m  G4 O7 V/ d2 y
http://online.sagepub.com
8 y1 G# U( U; f; I. b3 PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
: k# i. t+ J0 z7 X1 ?1 \$ Dis a significant concern for physicians. Central6 ^" h  K; e9 r8 n! l
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
* h1 M$ [) A6 o% F& ~7 mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 o( i7 ~" }' R$ la higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 n# N0 e( _6 O1 I  G8 O/ ?1 P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& U: M& K9 ~' J: h% k& `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ j; k" C" r% p1 ]
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) ~0 e5 n- Z# k" ~; Kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We8 _( q* o* L* L1 M5 X) [
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ `5 q" l3 d& b% K, _: lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-0 Y" o, J7 Q1 }2 b6 W6 d. D- A
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 e5 `6 i+ W# f7 d; |
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* |" c9 f6 T$ l& u) j6 u% \the father. The family initially concealed this infor-, `* q8 |5 g! I0 h
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& v! r& T; D2 D5 c7 w- I- E4 Vchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of; B# R$ O9 \. d# P2 y3 u- Z  B4 u, T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& ]1 ]: h1 R' S$ a0 dbly more common than the rare case report in the
5 h! N. g# L& uliterature.4( z7 d7 \$ @% a  v8 Q
Patient Report. X5 {0 X+ F: g. w5 d3 ?4 A$ A; A* M9 S
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ y7 P  _" y0 @! Q" w% o( @# }* U7 Q
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern4 C6 ~9 A  H" t' v% q. C7 [
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- v% `+ F. s9 U* I5 w! rlight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 X9 y' G2 ]: H  L+ a$ x* rFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
$ I* p5 W- W6 W, n7 SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 O" M: Y+ T; f- b
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) U- q- {& r: Y. N! o+ gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of. L$ S' i+ |% J# ?4 I5 C
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' n+ D7 l7 t6 Ce-mail: [email protected].
* |$ u& t3 h/ J  }+ P, Q, Dabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% v  x7 W9 Y1 o* z) ?$ cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
; f: k' W* s. L- m; V) V) ^- l; xment of his penis and frequent erections. The child: N0 H7 X7 Y: @; V" ]
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 M" D% v2 t, c( |- N! Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* d, u/ ~5 d# i+ [: g
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year! @  q8 M7 l. X+ S! w" ~
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
& \8 `& n6 ?5 O9 v& Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' f8 H4 _3 D: y- |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 E5 A: O) d9 Y9 i+ R3 w' Y) Twas age appropriate.
1 o5 E$ [1 z$ @: L. {The family history was remarkable for the father,
' K4 S% D1 a( j* e9 W3 X+ jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  F, S' Q$ y9 Fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' [/ p8 p3 A) c! O' iheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat3 z/ {5 V& Q3 l9 I" P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
7 ]" N+ r0 W5 P3 }# Y% d% YThe father denied taking any other medication. The! m' f( S' Q3 U0 i2 V: N
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 l/ r, G9 z1 M. C
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet* r" G# C- W: v" ?  N: R6 \* E$ P* |
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ {; |; {. j7 l" j1 {! p
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 }  W0 w: g! |; a. dtives. There were no siblings.& }9 ]3 o. N6 W# F7 b4 H1 T
Physical Examination8 I. W) ]( o* e! [7 k& z# h
The physical examination revealed a very active,
( q# q$ m3 Y, d; \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* G" U0 B0 y2 a# ?a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 k$ N4 A; K# n/ X9 H: ^9 S& Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- {4 m' o4 i" W0 L! s4 }+ W+ x/ k
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth4 M; m+ C3 y4 g) _
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of4 n1 {( ~4 |! \/ ?
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) D& G* F( u1 {$ K* T$ r" I- G) UThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for* G1 w. w/ U9 N6 f  s5 D
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* N, j7 I+ ~: d  k1 T: U8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well& x: I3 v9 x& n" C6 _! F
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
! E6 J% j" S4 B+ h5 o' e# X5405 t9 H" I3 F5 Y4 g
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 I. s3 e7 S( q; y- Hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. N2 d# e1 F. G# f0 J( N6 ^# h
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ w+ T' u  u0 {' r. G( p. h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat, c1 |  @$ B2 B
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: t3 Y+ k! N! `& P8 r
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ J1 {  c' \  d  F
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ C( y- E  y: r3 u, Obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion0 o9 I7 f$ ]! I# X) w+ {
of papilledema.5 W, a# f3 B2 v; Y; K& I
Laboratory Evaluation
& S: r: j- t8 S* A5 U- HThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by* T+ @: u6 i( S, ?8 i' @8 c
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
; I- e) S' r4 v  v3 U' x9 ]2 llogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 Q9 q3 K+ E8 M6 ]2 lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 J$ j; K' X0 Y7 ~1 Y* Rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
9 H5 A* G( c9 s, b- Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
6 a9 d) ^; {& h( yThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
5 S& |( L, I7 i" E6 w$ X; P( ?urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 }5 F4 m) L- [0 K( f2 @8 j7 k
within normal range for his age. The concentration
/ @* ]4 ]0 L6 n9 }8 ?- o) eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; y. p! w7 S6 R  N  C' z0 a
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20$ m, T4 t$ q3 Y8 v& o: i
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 r( s* o6 [4 o) Z) P+ W7 S
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ U: P2 I3 E& c3 }3 B. i/ Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% j7 x9 {3 @) m* _8 D5 w
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), F* `. b- `& r$ a3 Z" }9 c
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-: U% d+ n' F7 h4 L/ l/ n
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; g' N2 E- J% I- x  X$ }% G' r5 q2 c
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 U) B" v: n' X. I9 o3 `9 N/ c. t: r& @
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 K1 x# W* I) }5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular1 a: g% ]) r, K) E0 Z3 f
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 c3 T1 C2 G2 L9 p2 v& T0 ~; \7 W7 {
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL5 L- S6 L4 w6 R! }, b4 s$ T
(prepubertal).
6 n$ k" S( d5 u: o" HThe parents were notified about the laboratory  `  P# H2 a- [
results and were informed that all of the tests were
; j4 U/ q3 I) {7 `normal except the testosterone level was high. The
, R9 E- Q4 P8 ^+ v: F4 sfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 l! Z5 P# Z3 m& i  O. T7 tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" [! E6 F+ V9 k, B
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: w8 N6 \0 T' w! d6 TPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
% `+ K: L, o1 h! \  m) [' C8 ?child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained- S! \9 k# v2 V
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! c: X' s6 I/ x2 ^; }7 r1 f4 }
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
- \( Q" C3 y/ q( f1 e0 Fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at/ f/ R9 n* L+ l5 x8 W) `
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 26 Y# M3 U* y; x. k  K. {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  W# c7 [. m; |# x/ y( o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-# J/ z0 M; @3 T5 u# \) ]( k
ing frequent erections.1 q7 [' S) z1 T  U+ E5 H6 r* J
Both parents were again questioned about use of  c% R* Q! O8 n4 \9 f
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- E+ q6 q; s" c! o" L: |
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ t7 a. Q9 ]% r# ?% `7 q+ |Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* I4 L# T; u4 ^9 Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-. p/ n9 g  H& @! {& ^+ a
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ S9 e( m6 q' T* j
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
- j0 Y9 R3 Y# ]to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
+ c' P# ?. A# hscribed by his family physician for decreased libido' {! m, A+ C6 T( P/ j: f  _
secondary to depression.
6 `5 \# x. @1 U0 ^2 MThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 O7 |" c2 W1 O% j2 F$ a, fThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ A& ?6 h$ x. I* |+ g! [- Ychest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' F7 T7 E# [+ a. |2 g  Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 |0 _$ r! C2 TThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
; R, P1 |7 M. lwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 C! |) s# c3 a6 x: R
was high, he then read the product information9 F( m1 o' M% T; d  V( h
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-/ R2 G5 i  t: i3 @$ t/ A
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( [  _  B7 w7 a% Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 C! i# h9 G/ F' z2 C- Nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had4 r3 O& o0 H. {
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ [% t# z$ u( n1 T! b5 Y7 T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 b4 b, o" R& V1 E; j
laboratory to obtain the test.- S; _1 {% V3 w6 |6 f3 ?& ]
Discussion
7 e  S0 Z8 s- }+ H! T) y: qPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ p4 U+ J+ w% k3 N1 Isexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 {: e6 t& A- b5 qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
& W( W" H  w4 Tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-: S! F8 a2 V5 t8 }7 w
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 l9 ?2 |7 e$ I3 H. Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP1 ]& ]5 a% _( o: D# n
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
* v' \, G: k# ?6 U; C/ rresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: t2 v( T: m! Z3 {, zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
2 c9 F- {7 [4 Psis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: U- g5 m% X6 P! H* F) t7 [. b
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
$ w4 ]: y6 R* V4 m* {7 r$ q1 ?ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
% i4 W: Z4 v9 l/ {" O# C* rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: q; M) j5 W1 ^  Z9 E& l
gonadotropins.1,3
/ T8 y% m' h2 XGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-: u3 ^# D, f& K3 E, F& k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! `8 R  f5 f/ z3 X7 L
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or% h& y' x; k0 p: h( D7 \$ J& U
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) s: f1 v; ?6 o
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ h+ d4 B7 V1 u4 t! X! f5 Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive0 d! F. W! Q$ u9 r
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ u" m, k) _" U, H; q) J0 P3 apuberty in boys.3,4+ ?2 u* [* ~, z6 w: W" l9 Z" y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
  v$ @  O: V4 V+ Jhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* Y, i. d: V( b" m2 ^. O2 j. r
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 y2 k- F, ?$ T# G5 ?2 l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
6 |, V3 d7 t$ \: E6 L7 \an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" j. A% C% g) l3 r5 Y0 ~3 z, ]excess.1,3
- J) B; ?/ h# Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 b; O9 r/ ~+ [/ z  y) U
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
& s. w5 P( W) @9 e% n  r7 TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* Q6 O/ k% r! q8 q: R4 u
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 }1 F/ o: r. h0 ~$ Z, L  [" ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a/ N. K1 L/ l! T% r, _$ y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 }. k2 R% p. N: Hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 N) ]+ [3 B! r' pincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 k9 z4 w+ `. D: U3 ?; ~; Q* n
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; g* K; P! Z4 b. P- ^; uare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# i2 K& y0 m1 f2 |; Mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
( _, M, a& X2 p: ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ \- S% F; h# x- ^8 l2 q+ X
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only( ~4 B4 F1 X5 P0 @
males; therefore, other male members of the family5 e9 q7 b6 y1 `- q+ E
may have similar precocious puberty.3" S/ e0 X" T) \" a  M; M
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! r, m' _( _% s- o; j8 Bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
6 t# n) ?: h4 _5 Gcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) e& D6 d4 H/ j9 Q( pwas in the differential diagnosis because his father: _8 |: e0 L/ S: N# j0 w7 W. J
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# V5 O5 ~7 s$ r' w- Z5 Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the1 m3 Q) A/ C* D/ Z" g$ {$ U
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: v; U, d/ I* X9 s
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' {% [' W1 @  o4 f
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, M5 G8 l  v( V' b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. L  l9 ~' e7 @" |& cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
/ W8 f0 Q2 O; K, u# ving the normal level of adrenal steroids.
, f3 E: \. H5 r/ i8 sThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 A' l0 l. _' ?6 t0 e9 [* u+ a7 Ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
7 Q+ I( S8 c+ ], i) P+ Sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
" R2 f4 S- n! {6 A9 ]4 a5 N2 d3 qpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' ^" K& A; w, v9 n" o& s+ Y- W5 }decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" ~% Q. ]" H* J+ G( ~8 m0 _( D) [terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* o7 p) T0 `+ z+ e
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- }$ \3 T9 ^$ _6 d' D
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
, I/ w  W% X4 |$ G3 C! i, Dcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" v7 O6 Q2 O5 o, P6 `6 F$ d" f
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. p. H' ~9 s, \" Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 W- l6 p' t3 F& V- b
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 J8 C, J9 j2 r6 z$ S- }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! P/ I0 c9 A9 M" P# u0 Z. P0 J$ c4 ~
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-; K6 x: |8 e9 N* \/ U: D8 U7 d+ T
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
* X% i  ]4 }0 b# N. B' b+ t- j9 jOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 Q7 ]' G' ?( l0 i; E2 W$ f. Uwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that0 A6 ^4 m5 [/ z; x8 {
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 c' K1 m( q+ w) C/ sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 O! [8 F. j; d; u6 V+ C
active in young children exposed to testosterone7 g4 R% w! U6 m3 Z( L* H
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
% e& o8 p$ P6 b7 o/ edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to& ^. u; ^, X% L4 i1 R+ c
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 C2 t+ g% ~5 f- S# V% p
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 l, g5 x0 ~1 Z
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 t$ M% H8 F  H8 I; GThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
) E& M$ ?* S$ |) g3 ?  x. o' nearly childhood on pubertal development and final0 x" b. o8 G! `: N, g
adult height are not fully known and always remain& @; Q0 |9 U( G8 [  _, `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ }5 V& S0 _+ T% J- j" B
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 \( ~4 n- I) [6 {( Z$ r
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after2 h$ I& [# L* H& A1 l2 Y
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
  `& e2 A& d1 H) Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 z8 T# x+ P6 v3 h- g  _/ |
There are conflicting reports and controversy
/ K7 S+ I" H1 S1 Xover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' d/ C" W9 j" w; [4 W5 R; g1 q& K& }
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal0 {# _! {, n5 L. C* ?/ R4 M) g) r! q: b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 }# a  Y1 A$ _
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 B7 o/ U# ?' F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between" i0 i( S* r" O0 d
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ T& j! x" u4 s/ tpenile length in clinical studies.+ n  j) H' ^% C! S7 r6 M3 }
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 W4 I7 [! I* B  R4 D
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) e& a) O8 W- r; |" g& ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
# F, z# \, i  g' l+ {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% a9 ^3 G# B4 o+ o
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 |( [* a9 _0 ~& L, a+ i2 B( {: bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
; b  Z; N5 e9 t" P# {! ithe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# H9 C3 b6 t0 U" _
height will not be affected.
" ]( G9 v( }0 A$ e0 h: TAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, n8 h4 e, }& R- F- Jability of androgen products in our society may1 ?; t' d6 m( T! _# j
indeed cause more virilization in male or female4 |0 s9 A" c  Q
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 _7 m: q5 ^( S/ }6 R/ ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-: b- k( L. P8 E+ u) \# C
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 @$ G5 K% u6 C" ^
gel should be asked of the family members during
6 F% k% _: X0 q5 ~the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 F" u8 Y3 V: q6 _) nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ p: ]1 M0 q$ g; U) K5 Znosis can be established by just a few tests and by
+ F! [6 l$ P$ N7 A% @! dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
' _- d% Z( \- e4 W1 rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ b- [4 K7 Q' X$ S( Eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* ?) \: I- I: |9 w' `0 p3 [investigation. The primary care physician should be3 q4 {6 }2 t- `5 G3 o0 _1 G3 y
aware of this fact, because most of these children
8 Q+ R! s2 }6 v8 X6 Amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
% T# R1 B& m/ T0 U1 cDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
4 S/ _% H3 K( `# Fwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
3 }6 W6 C/ e& Dfemale child who might come in contact with some-1 `( c- G- n% q4 q4 _, c
one using any of these products.: V2 N- L5 N7 `9 n  B
References# @, T8 J2 e. z' n! Q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( p9 V5 T% T- S+ k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; E0 r+ x8 G; F6 ^6 L
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;6 m, u( h. m. H+ v1 a
2002: 565-628.- t1 S8 R3 G, r
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious9 I% B5 i5 `9 v, o% j3 `
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- @7 a. Q' W2 |1 Y4 t* P
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ ^, w  K$ @, i& w6 w
Exposure to Testosterone- H. K0 K$ D7 r! a, x2 T) x
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* E' p& w) {7 Z$ G) q- H1 M
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. i0 I, x( ~7 N) R
Clinical Pediatrics
' d6 C# \, ?1 T; E" r4 b/ lVolume 46 Number 6$ F+ r9 r% K7 F5 w$ Y6 R
July 2007 540-543
  V% ^' @8 Y  ^- X/ E+ L© 2007 Sage Publications
4 X0 C8 y1 `8 s10.1177/0009922806296651) L: V( B% n6 A, q- |: E
http://clp.sagepub.com- K2 C& j+ J) ]% \2 r' w
hosted at
' `$ c  Q; ]- |2 W* U$ Chttp://online.sagepub.com- Q  `& \, ^* ~# R, T) u! `$ e
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  a6 h, x' r6 _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ I7 q8 J5 b$ V2 ]3 e. gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. L& A2 U1 P1 ]0 |6 |* O1 r" r6 Athrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
- b# \0 |  o- x3 X8 ra higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 l% c  J! ~; u" ?0 l8 t( P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 f4 i4 }' {7 c+ T. A) L$ jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 `0 v* C. e  w1 R. i; `3 bhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 h" s1 O$ M/ \# I( l, G: n
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 N7 T  h% n* {6 I" jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: s2 Q9 r+ N- |4 d& o
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& f( e6 A# b2 e. B. |# f5 ?ment without testicular enlargement, which was due6 g2 E7 |; {" u  a, w7 A+ m% X
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  Y+ _" i# x/ m5 W* ]1 F  m; E' U
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 m) a# ?( ~- ^0 Y8 U9 x' h1 Rmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this+ ?5 c& ]4 f" X9 E, q& v5 _4 `5 `3 q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ I, f5 B* Q' ^' r* z  s
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* q- ]3 P. M# r6 q; I0 L! h
bly more common than the rare case report in the
# I- C4 X% K$ |* f$ f, @literature.4. r) ]/ E1 S; W; t2 d' F3 l
Patient Report/ Y  Q" _" d9 Q# i
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  S" ]/ S- P7 Tendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' s: g' ?$ l! F# E( t1 i* G. }, h
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, T7 [' L, i% N# ^% U6 p) elight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ H+ v$ p1 I' X2 T! v- |From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% s: k% U: ^. K' N4 g4 A4 t! ?South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
* Y1 q( S. O' a! T' a4 f3 TAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( D, E. }: k+ d. G8 H: \5 M" A6 f/ A8 x
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. w: r9 r3 E" {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;7 J, F  q2 u, i0 j9 M
e-mail: [email protected].
- {. x9 c! E" x# Q$ Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 @7 E! h2 u$ _& D+ z. D  j  Jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" p, W7 A  d  t8 Qment of his penis and frequent erections. The child2 [3 `, b* {1 n" R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! I3 a: M8 n4 `+ i( Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
4 M. G! y6 m3 o. ?20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 M. x  k8 e, x; Eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with% V# r" ~6 ]% D0 H! h
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
$ F6 b, B( m$ `2 o# v" Mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
1 v  S$ w& n( J# @% ?% Rwas age appropriate.1 L7 R8 I& X+ a( L' |/ W& P
The family history was remarkable for the father,9 L$ n3 o5 t% c1 n( u
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 u3 z: B0 f/ r7 P6 T7 Owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
# e# j4 n9 \2 rheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat) @, V; R& E5 @) x0 `$ h/ x5 v4 r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 k2 ?' R7 _, C
The father denied taking any other medication. The1 y2 ?2 P2 U# o) W+ o
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 S& o* r* {+ k& ~( p* \( p
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! k5 ~" {" y2 v+ d5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 Q, K( Y* p6 ?7 j# Qcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-% P9 `* I- H; [7 K# j/ i
tives. There were no siblings.  c* U/ r  A& c, w
Physical Examination
6 o- s5 Z  G7 k6 H2 o; {: \0 mThe physical examination revealed a very active,' x4 u" R& j& Z+ L2 j8 t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ q/ _! t+ A) I0 r) M. k0 }a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. @5 `: _9 V# J* w5 T7 r
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ C; l* N0 H5 p+ [1 a(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 G: y/ f# w2 Q0 T1 D  vvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: {6 W% `: ?* f5 z5 G: [the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
' V3 S: u6 `9 t4 R" \+ |5 ]The genitourinary examination was remarkable for4 a( j% |7 m% W: q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
! f- T8 l$ v3 f8 {$ O+ P, z- d7 c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 G! T# w( f* W! i9 @5 M% O1 C8 ideveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around% |5 y( T9 ]* u# n/ w
540
* D4 V+ ~$ y. Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 g' g3 m$ Z  a* }: x( v! t
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The4 e6 F. V4 f; R- p  O
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.3 {4 i) l& `$ d9 V
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 [- H9 J+ S* _  T
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
3 K, E: }6 E" a8 e- X3 @abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* b" U' c/ H" M$ O. M' X
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! a5 t& Z9 @: v! c8 ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 g+ m5 j6 S4 u0 nof papilledema.0 D* ?9 J) w" Q: l
Laboratory Evaluation
7 y% r9 p+ G3 z- d: BThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
+ Q7 l* u8 ^8 }# d, R. Fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 R1 i5 O7 i# G1 t
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' L9 J- W3 I$ h
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test! B. G" l4 U+ E' B$ k; O
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" t5 w, i" ]" B
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 p7 d! s8 ?6 c% q/ T
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" Y, }7 V2 M4 k8 B5 j6 @+ Turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: H# r; E4 @+ C
within normal range for his age. The concentration
3 Z/ z# o9 ?# n8 Mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
9 _+ ^5 b+ B9 M7 V  k) P(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 u$ w/ {3 e. q) L5 w6 }& n& Rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ \9 Y/ R' F0 }$ i& Kterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& o1 m! o& ]5 odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' |3 @1 @0 \9 r, i& U. e5 d
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) }: t: T& |! K; ~9 K& O/ bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ a) L' L6 l3 Q0 g& }0 j# w
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
$ y( @9 O' ?/ e8 E2 G( h/ |: \testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),8 S  U/ n* p3 ~- q' D- e
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) g- B7 k- F, O  O5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ o+ y; Q; @. M; v6 l& m2 Ostimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 d$ q5 ]2 |2 _" D9 Vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" e3 t# k! p" B) p/ Z
(prepubertal).4 U) m* m- h+ j. K3 p
The parents were notified about the laboratory  ]5 U' K4 x7 X/ J
results and were informed that all of the tests were: t: v! {9 p# ^! {
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
. \$ u, T4 ~% m( u% U( Yfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 i  e5 g6 w  Y. U
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-  N! x$ k$ }8 J/ G9 T% h5 U+ K* c
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* z( m$ b5 ~1 |: P
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 h* s; ^( a5 ?, b8 k
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" v$ c0 g6 O1 l5 u9 w3 u2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained# w2 s9 b' i% _' `( L
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% g( u! d: c, J( b3 _) ]6 q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at) f' J* t+ q5 Y# k3 C, V2 U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. p( F/ K5 B! @5 k9 {+ Q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
3 `. X/ R( u8 ?* z1 B4 dThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 N0 e/ s" r. \8 `& k, P! b+ N4 f
ing frequent erections.
4 b7 I8 m# a, w7 C5 e* |8 Z; ~' @& jBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 @3 n8 P* H5 [3 K: \5 hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to( o0 e6 b) e  i5 X
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) x! s4 A+ x4 nTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
& J8 {8 F& M3 I1 f$ Y) q6 Huse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! L8 b5 E3 n; {6 q; B" Ling over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  c( m, I& l5 F% h6 f% Q9 r7 \
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- W: z$ r6 b' E6 j& V
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! }$ S, d& f1 H1 S% O
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
" L7 @6 ^0 x( }5 }secondary to depression., H7 D: V( ]" _/ H: e0 ?6 M
The child slept in the same bed with parents.. U$ h0 n5 ]( x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 }8 Y9 X  E9 c9 u. |! |chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 v+ k: e- z/ r2 W9 R: i" ^: p1 M3 z8 z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  t8 h5 U7 y& z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
! B4 z5 T2 E/ m/ B& ^( rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby- P2 z# g, }9 r/ L
was high, he then read the product information& b9 `8 R9 b7 ]1 w$ W! G+ _
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 ~" j$ k* T& [5 P% A" Q# fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# f7 E/ z; H$ ~4 ?2 }; g& T
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
4 M6 P1 _3 i8 }% z# b' ^: P& C4 afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had) W* N) C+ c+ a* r3 Z6 f
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 g; c6 I6 R: E, G- w2 m
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the* c6 Q. c& Q& G/ G# v8 c
laboratory to obtain the test.( C5 k- |; I# F8 s+ H. h: v  Y% @; S
Discussion2 a1 q' D: s  j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
  K* q: ~# H# Z5 {7 Z9 N/ E1 zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
7 r4 {6 e+ t4 c3 DPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ K+ U; p0 W6 T$ i5 @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-! U( }4 Q3 z# U3 Z# j/ q+ ^
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 T+ \5 B. f6 C% X, f# I5 l5 A
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ }! E5 P! a: Y9 q# Tmay have a central nervous system lesion that is/ S- m( g& ?' c9 M  @3 N
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
2 t0 A! j2 @7 o( [9 O- mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-5 O6 s# \. T5 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 ^6 o! U+ I/ u; ~
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! ~5 S3 \% T  X3 l8 rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-' `& y6 g. Z  S2 b: o1 u
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 r% D0 H$ D& Q2 |$ [' hgonadotropins.1,3
# b# g! y, Z6 jGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
0 Q1 Q, R! A0 Z9 _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! S5 ~3 `. R" t, ?% \
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 B2 z6 u/ A/ t+ }
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: l+ z6 f: N) l
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& i5 I% @) J! H: ^! H' K! r; O1 \congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive6 L! ~. T$ g1 ~) Z3 Q7 ]& X5 }# y+ h
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  ?& c" |( a# v8 x# D6 l
puberty in boys.3,4
* D: f4 m& ~! K0 B* Y& z. SThe most common form of congenital adrenal
- j, c5 T, r0 X' o3 X" L# Z7 z3 ?hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 D) q- N# I5 m. h1 ^1 sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% l; n( V6 x* T; y0 Rexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
+ ]0 N! e/ `' A: r: l5 K; kan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
. s( ~% k% q6 v* l% H! F! Zexcess.1,3
9 }& K& L  a* ]2 Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. @) u( Q9 B4 s! ]4 u0 c
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 w9 C, y6 l" Y) x4 p6 GA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! Z$ ]& @4 K7 g
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 W! k4 o3 @/ v  w0 z
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 R2 g. E1 z8 s0 t+ qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys* c' g) @+ n* A+ }1 G
with this disorder are full pubertal development,. W+ Q* t: A1 k4 \3 K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. f$ v/ ?' b9 U0 ~3 \6 Fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 `3 S" T' T% v, [# m4 g& Care suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 j: U, k; m3 L$ J9 b: ^
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-& G6 u: g8 x% ^; e/ ?
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 f& r1 u; g% n( U- Bautosomal dominant disorder that affects only2 D; i5 l7 Q; N8 z
males; therefore, other male members of the family
4 @8 R/ K9 j3 y3 d% @* u" V3 dmay have similar precocious puberty.3$ V7 D  J, V7 _! H8 [1 @2 i
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 H; u; L+ B; b; c! U* L! ^
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-8 j) i4 b: W% }5 R; _( g; }/ t) p. q1 q+ g
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
$ {. _+ Y/ R9 L. p/ Hwas in the differential diagnosis because his father; z- o  ?5 j3 t% D# G- B
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& d* b  X5 w9 h. ?2 ]
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the) _: Q, O! G+ K* U, ?& r
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" r& {  p0 m" y* ^/ F. a
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 C/ }+ g3 \1 m7 G7 L" rbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" ^2 m1 l5 n, c- L; Beither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 E8 N9 F& b9 m- ]7 D% v/ C
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
0 q1 y( x9 h# y. aing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" S; w& R  U$ }) Q. C: L! m* `3 m! MThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% f, b& O1 G. e! F; ?
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 f8 w* F( T5 ~; P8 C3 |0 M
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) P5 B8 j3 c4 H- L6 {6 I/ ?
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 Y/ G3 L5 N2 q0 L5 \decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, o, k  B8 ^0 |! j. E1 ?+ x- Dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' m4 g" R4 O9 C; `! K% ]5 n8 [( X- J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 Z# q  q( `$ @( ~: i. kDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* U$ \, f. q5 ~2 Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 o" p5 l7 r' }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.: Y7 L' x! Y2 j' F
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 t: o5 T! B; ?- L$ C9 Z
baseline value in those females who were exposed to, {1 Z+ ^+ K7 R9 u
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( ?+ @- s& f( V! B+ v2 _( zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* \! J: s  _3 P
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 ]1 A; B9 ]9 Q2 t: VOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; J) m* w& S* k( a$ y8 Z+ Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that8 P$ \  L4 j2 [8 z4 Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 i  l' u; A" [( u) e1 v$ L& `: b, Z
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
8 z7 z2 j) V1 j" V* s$ L1 ~& f3 Dactive in young children exposed to testosterone
9 E7 N/ `" P, R% s8 {exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 q. o  z0 L: O; I" f5 T5 K
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 a. @" S7 x8 X1 c4 cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 h/ n  o5 }5 D$ \; ^9 u% {* \children results in an increase in growth velocity and" V  @# ]+ _% n8 p6 k
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
2 e& [) u+ _3 G, U5 N1 U. U7 p- {The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 t. u- J7 C- o2 j, U0 x9 qearly childhood on pubertal development and final+ U0 U7 x3 f+ q/ j4 e5 i1 R6 e
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 j" n" {5 S. S0 f( [
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; L, ^$ j) z1 h# [4 c, @! mterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 X: O9 {- G; Y3 o9 l9 b
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% s. \( t& Z6 }9 X! O( w
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
& \2 r, }0 z$ z2 bdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( e  K/ j1 ?9 U. @6 n4 h. ~1 F; IThere are conflicting reports and controversy$ N5 }/ M5 p) x+ y; I9 K; b. v; |
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- H& O$ n# P$ a( U5 V  ?" n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# l3 m; e6 g0 u9 }- m
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  h7 Z- a  T( N1 S" A, l, k
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ X( I. Z; Y/ I( z6 d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between( k( m' `% J+ q
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) `3 g0 J5 @) U  ^$ Q# k$ s! F5 C1 p
penile length in clinical studies.
: \9 S0 D- g- j/ j2 f% oNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* ?2 B1 O$ c  j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
! g8 k( r: e. r) b' Atestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* f' U& ~0 g% X" P& o: z" hthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
. \4 x" ^5 M9 C7 x( A6 ^/ c& f1 s6 c" SAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
  d" Q% j: s& Z; qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 u) p+ b2 @! ~: _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- r  C+ ~8 m/ P' V0 d) k, hheight will not be affected.3 Q" j) C$ _) s/ f3 z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ ~, P, o3 ~' Y
ability of androgen products in our society may8 m" _, |# w! J& L) g9 V! c6 |
indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 i" {+ }2 D9 d( u2 ?4 ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' i: x9 y/ u) \0 V( c3 U
gen products must be considered and specific ques-( W; a# r1 I! d
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
$ B; J, u! a( f$ S( F9 lgel should be asked of the family members during7 {4 b3 b5 @/ G7 h3 `
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
: }7 [0 K- Q3 S6 W( z& J' Oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-9 V3 G( K( @  f8 Z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by( s! z" V& i! C5 I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
0 x  }$ S( R0 O+ [  c+ fhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, Y. E9 v: h8 `! a/ O- L
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! O6 d# i( m' v9 h
investigation. The primary care physician should be0 I- S. u7 L1 r# G* u* p
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% ^. }5 s; |1 vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 q0 C8 h$ w/ j0 ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a5 k, K+ a, y8 |! Q) A* [
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ Z( {- G# Q* D' D/ Z8 e( t( O
female child who might come in contact with some-. L6 U* m0 ?  O* g& C6 }
one using any of these products.
$ E2 e1 p  n" P6 c  f8 ?4 z! xReferences
' s% F# p$ ~5 I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. j% s5 Q' ]. E+ \and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 F9 B, \- J: E/ pEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) ~+ N$ m6 @$ g8 m# X2002: 565-628.7 t+ v& m* L* g  j
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* T; p/ s6 o- npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

6 H! \0 |( T; G精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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