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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( s  l" h% c; M" P1 L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
- ]$ J+ w/ \+ R5 j+ O0 uExposure to Testosterone
/ f; w0 e9 K: y9 Z# H9 w" _0 v: d9 hSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 W6 _3 s% a- Yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
% O, n8 R5 v( a" T0 FClinical Pediatrics2 \; I  ?# R# M* E6 n0 o- K
Volume 46 Number 63 d6 w+ G" U( R% \4 n
July 2007 540-543
( a! Z' g& e- a  I+ \8 \© 2007 Sage Publications! p+ d0 r0 {/ N* ]
10.1177/0009922806296651- S$ Q% @: M# M4 |
http://clp.sagepub.com+ t0 Q5 J5 n/ P1 [$ V
hosted at
& x& ?& v: q9 Y5 _  B  x) {; zhttp://online.sagepub.com4 E- J! \: h  q1 _( m% L- Q+ h6 Y
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# G4 k4 C& |9 p
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
; y4 g9 N" m( t6 X- B; aprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; C8 f5 B2 `# p. I" K) ?4 b0 a! ]
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* `8 D, z$ t% b
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system2 l' g3 k& c. K9 o: T1 }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
) g8 a( `0 ^: s1 V) l* T, }by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
) G' D0 _4 q8 d1 N4 `hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
9 v% F' t: ~" U, @4 S1 R' H% Qcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, D* Z1 P( X3 ?7 x! }
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ z( v0 @1 x# X! h3 p/ r: aenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
  o! h7 w6 k% J  Kment without testicular enlargement, which was due) w5 h7 A3 v& t" l# j
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
) ?) L: w  R) J; zthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-  I! L: V# E, l2 J9 W5 ~
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 ]$ ?/ s) M: s% @
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of# x7 u2 Q" |* |/ a' v
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! p9 d# _) D& T6 ]( Q) o
bly more common than the rare case report in the( R$ y$ e; x" _# [
literature.4. z+ {- H0 E. s5 {/ @
Patient Report
- t. z! L! l5 n5 T+ pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 [# G! g1 n) {$ @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ i1 h7 D4 m7 W; a! W9 Q' X2 t
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& O1 R$ U. I# ~3 l4 N# plight colored pubic hair development when he was
& `8 D* X0 U! M9 z5 \7 F7 mFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 c2 U5 l8 ?3 s. @South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: R5 m8 r4 G( c( F% aAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
% X( [7 S; s; [2 y- m7 ?4 yProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of9 ]0 k/ d' T" f# y5 Z* I8 K
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* @3 S1 H* m1 [( a7 ~5 d0 Ae-mail: [email protected].' W3 s: U6 x" ~$ D
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
" U5 T/ ~9 S& \; `darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
" K2 j1 V' Y& {" b# v3 \1 ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% d, ]; J8 c, _+ ~0 owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with/ i( \: `8 h5 e1 J6 c0 P9 k
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 U. j7 i1 P! [
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
; V# F! W7 Q) C3 ?( vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with) H1 U, K. R. H; |
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,; \3 d, Z  f" ?/ }4 Y, z( ]
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
% J3 ?' I4 V% v8 Pwas age appropriate.
. h3 d3 f- x3 o7 ]: ]1 GThe family history was remarkable for the father,4 U7 V  ~+ r& }- r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ S0 F0 q9 N4 D% Y2 {which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 }7 E/ t( t1 I0 J
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! q# s) l: l6 Q, \. h, r  H9 d( pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. r2 |& ]% c4 g& aThe father denied taking any other medication. The
7 P( U5 V! z! N% Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ b4 h# H' [2 _' z! }4 u! w8 F& ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 X' \  g1 h  \, D2 v; W2 k2 i2 r
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& t) Z; t8 J( b# E
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-! F$ R0 [, e$ ^* d  i- Q, H
tives. There were no siblings.  H( K' c- h1 F: U& _0 S
Physical Examination2 r3 D9 h+ _$ G" j% t, D! z' K+ D' N
The physical examination revealed a very active,
( n8 h  j! z+ a$ M5 t1 zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 w7 P* U5 p4 k% f1 c( t* T8 t8 j. T* R
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was  ^& B: d2 z" c' C6 L; F- R6 T5 z9 T
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( R5 J6 [; V# N) \5 S3 {; q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth; C# G' g3 V5 u+ [/ B2 _0 b. }( \" l/ w
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 O0 Y& C" p  R. O3 `, U- ~1 y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 h% p$ |  F! h* u6 fThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
) s! S, e' s2 H2 a  t& xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 ?* @/ u0 Q. L7 {. y
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ F0 Y7 y' b  p8 D# edeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 @, _: b: ?+ ]" x" ^0 t; y
540
- d$ |& R2 U% U3 t/ c% v* Q2 C+ hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 L' ?" v, ]* Q% ?5 ~% Cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 H9 T: l; T6 ?; w( U$ `testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
/ `! d: Y# f: ?$ ?) {The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
$ g& Z( G3 p% ^, ?+ k7 Q, p! J* koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 h; |7 A1 T, W( B& G# [abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
9 A# N5 J& s: NNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 c1 u; S  y! A" V& ?  l4 y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
5 E5 \, b1 d9 O3 }2 f# cof papilledema.
( D, y3 L5 h# gLaboratory Evaluation
! r6 D9 @, B! k6 oThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
; h. Y& p  l( a6 B+ y$ jusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
' h. a* D/ a( k  k- c% Hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
* `( Q8 b' `- E" S8 \/ w* T& gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 e0 i0 _( J* b. q7 G0 a1 R8 jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
1 Q  n1 [& I0 `6 B, z: X% Ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).! K% B" K8 Z6 S& O$ d( I/ Q
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood: E+ F9 o! Y7 b( C" z% X7 N
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 {: U7 b9 ]% I( N+ ]; M: Cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
  q9 }4 I1 K* D' cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. e8 w9 ^# D3 W7 N1 R8 Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- `2 G' P+ I- X( d% Yng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
& ~9 Q4 ^9 \9 t6 E) {terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 E% {( t  x' R7 Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 Q1 L. H3 g: s4 W  H49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
5 ?  _" ~" B" f( s% n+ @2 Wwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
3 g) r! I! F1 L* G! S( c: Ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total2 H1 v/ a( B: t, y1 @$ x9 P1 j
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),4 C5 p5 H' y4 L) L+ P
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
- G( W% ]  m% k7 j1 N  [6 ?8 N1 w5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 w! i. U1 p( H6 t. Q5 K& z- k( i
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone8 T* S  f) f$ ]  x) ~2 [* ^
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL+ T' _! }+ u& F  C& `
(prepubertal).
" N' |; D  U0 u/ D1 fThe parents were notified about the laboratory) K6 \: `- Y* |- F. ]" \
results and were informed that all of the tests were1 S! ~* A) {- _4 g0 M3 I% q
normal except the testosterone level was high. The1 h" s/ A+ _1 f. D  x2 I2 D
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 A/ E/ {0 [! n) T; o9 Z  a
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! Y3 H, k* y! V* e8 @. D' O  u" i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
( u& Y4 g4 P; R# @- u$ U( EPhysical examination at this time revealed that the' G( v0 A2 j  q, M* q4 k# i
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ C! f; p, w$ {( G5 R& ~
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained1 U6 i1 T1 H* h) X$ _1 s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' I; n' b6 t: W" X! M9 c! ?
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; H: L6 A9 B6 t+ b# v$ ?# @/ M/ uthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 {4 U/ Y) E. _$ J9 r8 j# Z8 t4 r
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ ^: s# n/ ]3 r
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( X5 y) o. t$ w9 n
ing frequent erections.
$ G% ?' B5 w% l8 dBoth parents were again questioned about use of
5 u1 k1 {: g. w; Oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 V' V& P+ W" G
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
7 I  F3 I/ D; D. d: }( P4 wTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541# ^0 o/ o; {8 k4 ], G& g! l
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! C* k9 T2 h: b& ^& X* e4 Ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 s+ C# u) ~( c; J$ y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
: Y& }9 P7 w4 |" x( Xto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) y  k, m  @% D1 }# l2 I4 c. W; wscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 s6 `. x% [5 O% A$ _" Psecondary to depression.5 F5 m' ^* H, M, m% J
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
* J7 e4 h3 y% d' r$ t/ iThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his0 u8 X2 B3 }" X  z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-' i  O+ w' x* p: r, e+ p) N- g& a1 K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
8 c; i- i( `9 K6 |9 Z& oThe father also admitted that after the phone call," Y( x# f: ~% I( d& @
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 v1 O( e, {! ~4 ~8 o% E  ~was high, he then read the product information
7 c5 G) C+ H  T+ S, ^packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& O, }* Z( `3 N2 G; t7 S- Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 U6 L( w5 I) a+ |/ n( p, E/ E# hdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: M0 h( Y% m, Q6 {9 Ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* E! A: ]1 _% I1 H& P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
0 a" K' n4 }' wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 S+ G( A" @4 k. ^) i
laboratory to obtain the test.
" Q* r! H" @  CDiscussion- H4 I. S( L! {5 Z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 \* Z0 i8 i. O) a4 _
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
9 R, e5 I7 u3 }  PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ M# b8 [6 Q( n" D( w! x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-; y& Z1 T2 i" z
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 z. Y6 x  w/ @  w" Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 q: U1 I  w# g( emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 F+ ]  q: _& Z# r2 s( |responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
, x' J! b$ r1 i1 z" pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' f4 x+ W; R  L" E! Y: j2 ]
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
% d, b3 }) D! b  ?! Iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 m( }) N9 e; [4 J+ o0 zization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, N. h" z& |) h
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
6 U' ]" P. B. x" _5 l/ wgonadotropins.1,39 n% x  Y, @% p6 }) D4 f
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# N/ @* G6 Z0 i6 _9 _( Acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
( E+ i3 H6 l' m! candrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; X1 W$ l  d6 F- yexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
7 g, A0 s+ C5 R/ w# {4 Kulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  o5 ?  a$ H% E; T0 `
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
! j# g! q# v% Z% r& B& F6 c6 |: e7 Wadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 L" x0 g9 j! H
puberty in boys.3,4
4 C$ Y# S- C. `) w1 k7 v. y% W: ZThe most common form of congenital adrenal  }. e: b, X, `+ q, n# u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.8 H: e0 w" h5 B! g6 B6 t" A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 y2 m9 E& p5 q6 e/ s$ Z' l
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,% m1 a. F; K  m! E# X! X# r. q" u7 d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 i; U2 _5 d8 }1 O- T8 aexcess.1,3
/ r, X1 Y8 d# q+ r/ f# Hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
  K! K' r0 w4 x/ ~  T542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20070 Q% x" a5 e& L# f' O$ {
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 I) a& s* L8 a6 b+ ?; Tindependent precocious puberty, which is also known$ W7 G: |4 S, F! e" V
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- w2 j7 S: K4 ^
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; p8 f% v2 s$ T4 n+ [, L' ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
+ a: v4 R' _! w- P# Uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 ~; x5 I$ n1 Q: _+ z* h
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) N7 j7 W" l2 f( s: w  q7 j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( @  C; z1 Q6 z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 T& D' z& v) R% ?! N# u
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% r& C( M8 S# e5 ]) P5 v. ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
& w* z4 I3 ~2 Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family
% e6 g- H1 f; d2 s( c1 p# pmay have similar precocious puberty.31 x, ^  ^2 n- H: G8 u
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" j4 X2 |: e! ~! m, T+ r7 d2 _
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# b4 y5 T0 v+ A. F# O( kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
/ w: e0 f! O2 V+ P# r. a* Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father* D1 [. y2 \& ~0 j. e; e; n9 ]
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
4 D+ Y5 ?6 P' F, ntesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ K' ?9 ?% W  _6 A+ B. R9 ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
' A+ t3 y6 x6 R8 x) w; vative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* J/ u, I" s3 i/ |7 Zbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* @4 J: p, ]$ w, Qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
% X* S  C6 x# K) q& U+ N3 D- o9 sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-" O3 l5 R2 H, b9 E/ m
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
: F4 j0 ?4 I0 ]4 ~% K2 mThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 x' O% J4 M* v- P5 v- C6 csuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
+ o) ~! q( u) ithe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, W! t- {( l- r7 upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 T' H- `3 J$ i! I9 r
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 R2 N) a& b/ c4 Jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
# v- e! |6 z7 Y/ @: }- \3 H, ^/ `using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# d8 {' k+ _- H1 K: p
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or+ @% r) u0 z* c+ ~2 V- u$ [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
3 E; @8 G  Y3 c' bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 p2 J/ F$ d6 ?4 j6 }( ]Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the4 M7 \5 {! k' U- S: w# |' y$ c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 Z1 j# Z& u% ^even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male/ I# @. {4 e* L$ k
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( _+ `. q! p/ E9 ^/ Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: B' K8 X* Y6 W+ S- C  r$ x: v
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,1 x8 ?2 ]! }+ ^! A/ L( P
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
: f( j! T1 U* Z* G! K' B, i6 C& bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& O' o6 Y% s- _5 yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more% }! L* F' a* _' i) R0 ]: G5 d/ n
active in young children exposed to testosterone
5 {; n1 r7 a7 E" B* y. {9 `exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 H) M9 c8 X4 c& ?+ D: b% S  E, Y: bdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ ~" j" `' Z0 m/ Qvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 T3 u6 W3 H  E7 e# _* B+ n0 N
children results in an increase in growth velocity and: Y  E: p6 y6 a/ i+ |( R- ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) V/ ?# c% x7 Y+ dThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during# [. g) U: g1 N& i
early childhood on pubertal development and final; q3 W% q% `% s& l. R, V; [
adult height are not fully known and always remain7 s" u; A; ^7 Z3 `0 B% W
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-  G2 t" f6 R. q* E% B( l
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 |9 N4 g4 T% B7 Z# d9 kacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after! p% c1 q* o' ^7 B
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& L* c* |" q; V( r& E# [/ u0 c
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9* ?/ M, D5 {1 P3 l  ^2 u
There are conflicting reports and controversy
' b  [- q1 y9 u' }- Iover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 b. w  X3 U: ?
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: ^" {( H. B2 [4 `1 g1 D
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-5 J4 F1 U. B3 p, N0 _  q
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( b# |+ V2 u- i% P4 ySutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
2 Q$ y$ i7 p! [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 |2 W6 V; E( z' K2 n9 q) k4 cpenile length in clinical studies.
" Q5 R) z+ r( C: p* S6 x. q+ cNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is  j" p: d' H% _7 l
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 t$ M5 o5 O2 w" u1 dtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, n+ T$ h1 _; {8 {
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
' a( |2 y6 j" V; F: ]0 D) VAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 s/ l% N' A( Y/ G* odiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; i* X2 D: t% c6 U
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
& F4 e) u! a* t1 m$ l6 L. [( B8 ?height will not be affected.
9 D5 J! P; Z, V$ T2 W, tAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-& ]. d4 z: b7 b
ability of androgen products in our society may
& ]& U6 j- n; X% z* Yindeed cause more virilization in male or female1 n  L- A" E% \3 z4 z
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-/ ]) Z1 T3 U1 o6 n7 h: v
gen products must be considered and specific ques-1 c" U. ^  a! }4 c: @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# V0 y5 }! P# E: m# T- e
gel should be asked of the family members during" @% u6 k, @( S: `! _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-# J$ v  r* g/ B  G# H2 _! _( S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: U: t6 j7 N6 ^& }$ b8 I2 M* ~4 L
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by/ O$ o, A1 o( C9 S
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% F& b+ P4 C% |$ Zhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' g( J: [2 O7 w' r1 D4 M2 X- Dresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: W$ N' p! k& \! m1 w9 C- [
investigation. The primary care physician should be4 f' g0 s0 P* `5 E5 J' y  l
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 L) A5 \- n3 U& ~: f" i9 Nmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ x6 z" @$ A. ^Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
1 c/ W/ G3 q* i+ V1 n4 Z$ P* Gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  o6 S  M5 X& U% e3 ffemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 Q; {& P2 U8 v+ p8 e) Z4 None using any of these products.7 o* w0 k/ K. O5 S( X/ }
References
# ~7 `& j# D! D1 `3 A1 ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% P5 @- n4 X" S6 E8 P2 B# p+ G( l! Fand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% l/ E" d6 Q9 k% }& T
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 A( |7 k; ^& F4 Q1 Z
2002: 565-628.' K* E! U9 h- m0 g3 v6 m0 C2 T/ E/ T, k
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" r0 F; q& A* _  y; t
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, l( b$ @& V/ T" N6 ^1 I. p; m
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 F  J  {% }4 J& s6 _8 G
Exposure to Testosterone. X: s) P  y. R* J, d  }8 U
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. y, Y2 N4 n5 d6 y7 l  qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- c1 H, F+ D; W
Clinical Pediatrics
: B. N" c" @7 w5 g. SVolume 46 Number 6: U; y7 ]! P3 {
July 2007 540-543' F% a% C/ t; R3 c/ L% R
© 2007 Sage Publications
/ J8 c3 Q( R/ h8 ]& W: u4 u10.1177/0009922806296651
+ v, J4 k. i+ X" i5 ghttp://clp.sagepub.com
7 S7 A7 J" s; |% w: X5 jhosted at  x4 Z" l% {8 t# U
http://online.sagepub.com# q4 L( p4 J, V% |7 r
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, O$ L) N/ w/ x5 w  h, g2 k* `is a significant concern for physicians. Central0 ?% x& U& J! B4 F
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& \+ L2 {6 P, cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 m& B  F; p" O/ Y0 p4 K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
: s  j5 l; U6 rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! P% w3 L% ~+ l( z7 K6 W
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 a1 I0 ^+ j- X3 d3 t/ Lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! P9 T# s% ]% z- U9 ], m0 Gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
# G  Z; |/ ]0 p' W  @: E" {" nreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- O2 w! b4 u* p9 M0 [) z. Z+ n8 n7 I
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-; E+ x3 p3 b' V$ \  H" ~% r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- A/ N# w- h3 K- sto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ F4 C. y% _) p# n3 t! E
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 k$ z5 o2 J4 W3 L2 s9 u/ [$ S' `5 ]mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this% S* Z+ \( L" l( x- h3 x6 s# L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 }% N% f9 j4 p5 Ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  Q; V7 O9 G1 Y* F
bly more common than the rare case report in the
7 ^6 @, d" v& D3 H+ d1 ^9 qliterature.41 c8 l2 T# n7 C9 I, W! Q
Patient Report
( `  h) T1 G% z; ~8 ^% R% VA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' y0 X& I! Z4 I0 J: _9 c
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% B! r3 b% s6 h- c, u
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
. w5 S7 M' s. B& r% q1 k0 Q8 nlight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 y) \/ i1 M$ c, lFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
2 f$ @" {9 ^6 k2 U, jSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* S3 _0 h: T* q" G
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' o' L* k: a7 M- DProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  }% W4 `5 a; H; ]0 rMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; Z% ?( e; {/ u4 ?0 p7 W5 xe-mail: [email protected]., O" f$ E3 A  w  H9 x3 k7 F
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) `3 t* y. P% V2 s. N# ?8 V
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ Q7 U& m. Q  M0 [) ^
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% G, s& d; A+ S% C0 u2 K  c+ A$ D
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
1 @! a& \" c/ s/ Y, A& ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- R4 m% v$ W3 J3 l
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year/ _3 m! U' ^! d6 x/ q9 V. s8 b- w- M/ b4 f' z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 F* O# `/ P* ~' U
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,& f5 }  }; w2 a1 z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' c/ f- ^4 C& K7 Rwas age appropriate.! v: ^6 z' o$ q
The family history was remarkable for the father,* e0 e. Y) P' {% E
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 E( ^' p4 ]8 S" e6 b! D
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 H- I( _8 }' m  ]' j/ v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
! J. Z0 y. E4 ?5 ~* _8 tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., E2 d7 v$ }" @* i( A" [
The father denied taking any other medication. The0 c# l; i4 C8 z% C) n" k
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 p' z. z8 r5 `/ f* D. c, q
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ q( p0 E5 u3 ^6 ~( B% N
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 u. n1 j: H" V' G/ S
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 m  q7 ?* h) k2 `3 j! E8 utives. There were no siblings., ]( l  a; v8 \, y
Physical Examination" q' y3 |! H- j9 E+ v
The physical examination revealed a very active,- C, [& z% }; U
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
$ w; F2 u2 W; s" f& Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
5 F# z) A1 G/ I- X4 `; b* B$ n4 o90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
# n. |6 @# Y" G( }5 ^' G+ T(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth& k* N" B0 I- l( F/ i& R9 M
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of2 {2 D6 x4 S$ Y7 w( j
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.3 S6 K5 ~7 e$ H/ {" [/ {+ `$ F$ ]
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' [3 ^0 S" p3 S2 D8 Wenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 H: `5 M7 [0 F9 y3 i& b. g
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  ]! s3 H& [7 \- m$ _9 n3 ~: a+ edeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: S$ [9 ?% p8 U4 U
540% ~; D) o5 ?9 T# D/ q
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 a' Q: I5 d( q9 q& |6 J  E
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The! F! P* f, Q" j+ ~! P2 I
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., _$ U( I# X  P, ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 N: G( B" M1 R" s6 p
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 g# L% Y7 u6 T+ a: b
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# `( n1 [# |; }/ v4 p, P9 {. H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 p, u$ B+ g7 `: abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, A8 Y7 W2 }, z7 g; A6 V. [of papilledema.
3 Y7 X7 D1 l/ T- z7 }Laboratory Evaluation% K) M* n- _" X( M2 a/ w/ i. y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by/ g) F4 Q1 H( v
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# v8 l$ s! R7 l: y" f
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
, l" c' f4 N/ ~% T1 b: S( E! t0 ikaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
( |/ }0 R* w- s! bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-$ N8 x8 i3 x. w, b/ B
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).9 {6 q( y# y9 X; P0 F( T
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" Z: A: i6 f; d! Kurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* A% X. c# q; Y* `  R* `- A
within normal range for his age. The concentration6 ~1 i& f. m4 R+ u! [  N
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL5 Q1 `! B( A8 [! E8 A; G$ z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 206 i7 u  Y7 j8 }, ~6 ?
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( a0 S# F' j$ c2 h0 Bterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
5 @. E, N( Q' F( @: Y* ~desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. j, w5 f1 q: c0 T; t2 K
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* }9 {1 t% G$ a6 j$ Y: l7 N7 gwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! ]8 o1 O2 d: }  S6 h0 D: ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
. m! h+ p# n! h; ~testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
; J" l+ P$ _3 X$ @6 e/ T( uand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than1 M% ^0 J! d& d4 {( i$ p' f& J3 d
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
+ d7 x9 w. ?0 M+ @. _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
  I6 b6 V$ z8 e* R$ g0 g  M" S. }* xconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL) K7 r; Z  n1 y# q3 `/ P
(prepubertal).
2 a# w, K5 v* b5 s; HThe parents were notified about the laboratory0 A# R1 o- M2 g1 `& Q
results and were informed that all of the tests were
6 ]( G' d8 n5 A% inormal except the testosterone level was high. The8 n2 C) W; j- F; \* ?* w
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to  {3 R$ y% [* u$ u: V- A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! s+ X6 y7 S4 G" Kever, the family did not return for 4 months.& F$ m( W  @/ U. C
Physical examination at this time revealed that the# _) Z$ e) I$ e6 ]5 e/ P
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 {' }, f  F8 G- j" x
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, [' f% ]# Z7 U4 Z4 w
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
* O4 B9 C* D# I, j' w' _pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 c, s) i: a" U& V* t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2! R0 d6 q# u( T
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 S0 U* A$ h1 ~* RThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! D3 w+ g# u; K% o
ing frequent erections.0 {7 ?. g7 \" Y! B: N; V/ o& {
Both parents were again questioned about use of
  g* @0 b/ B8 Eany ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 r6 e3 y: E& I7 u
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  z2 A! P! g- f6 @6 a6 e- g" ?Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' T* {. |" F0 s1 C6 V& a! {! Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
6 B; D6 V- o2 m( o$ i) Ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 w# Q2 ^) k; z3 Q8 I3 I2 f9 f& ]
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  n* n0 n: a. ~" mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-- I8 S  }& P) n* y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 o8 N3 m4 q) u1 u4 fsecondary to depression.( y# f7 u/ `  W0 e8 z
The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 @4 q1 f4 }8 R( a) e& c/ v
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his* ?: Y7 e5 T6 M- Q: S! }' ^+ q9 Q
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-2 D! v$ w9 T& o! _4 e$ u
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; Y% M7 k) R" E8 t& F, Y4 |6 @
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ @9 ]# u* l  D% i  s; fwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; S& N) p! ~. `# H; A. A3 f
was high, he then read the product information" p$ |- |# Z: a" k" F& R8 l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ G8 c2 Q& @* f$ fson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ }+ R3 M) L! M& g1 I
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% n1 x) {  b/ A9 v  e5 o
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
- @& v, R- S! }; {) ]# n% S% u* qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone2 v" e6 _6 t0 }- i9 D, x4 Y
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 f. U% j  N0 Y0 V7 ]: ^. V
laboratory to obtain the test.3 t' N2 X2 p" @8 W
Discussion3 N9 _* N0 I. h7 l& O1 t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ o4 z* Q: l6 b  V
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
! E4 p( L. t" w6 y* r- K, ]Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) g  K# C* e# M: ]; T/ Yit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ j0 w$ r, r/ @, f9 i, [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: u* O6 z4 X6 G+ {
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 k7 ^& I- u7 f! Y  W
may have a central nervous system lesion that is- S& R. r0 H3 }8 _& |
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
' t! X1 W+ t. N8 x4 _amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
# c! `0 g% a+ H6 Q# D/ Lsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in/ ^1 ?1 ?$ f9 S& Q/ f* E, X
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 M* ?1 h# @8 A* ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: K1 j3 S$ O3 ]3 T3 M- ]rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
% f2 p( S3 q+ D- Fgonadotropins.1,3
7 {+ F. [1 }7 v$ y  gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, O2 C3 _+ t. j( Ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* Y- i) A" l- `# P  t9 T; Yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& X, v. a4 H) v. ]exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 t6 @# x9 }! S9 R) I, c# P# ?ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& r5 \9 [- {4 J  Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
0 T: S* l' t# oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious* Z$ x8 o6 s3 \1 n+ G
puberty in boys.3,46 N' W! M/ C6 C' m3 ^
The most common form of congenital adrenal
( \  C; j, e. i/ hhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' ~! q+ K2 V. }. K( {4 f
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; E1 [' q( `& Z& r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 J) o( J; h3 B0 [/ w. R) A! w
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 f( m5 A6 S; t& U1 p5 e) Z
excess.1,3
' ^% W3 U1 k5 h% Nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 D- I. F& D3 L9 n! T+ g542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 ?6 Q7 _5 v' f8 m5 I0 sA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# h7 T  v8 l/ r% f+ h4 x, x
independent precocious puberty, which is also known- T7 D8 }' I, @/ H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! a4 i2 g, g0 G2 E! u& Z
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
  U6 x8 W/ I0 N2 j$ K5 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 O4 t, _4 c- f( Kincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys3 m* U  g" |8 }# s3 \
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder  _% \9 w+ ^- [3 p
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: i0 Q- t* _* t0 L0 N# ypubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
: V$ r, ~  a% _7 J  o& Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked1 o7 o. Z3 w; U5 x2 ^; K
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 b! y" s( l+ Z: C. Z7 k% nmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 a0 D' V  H9 i  f. V) \may have similar precocious puberty.3
6 W2 A& L& [9 W+ W5 zIn our patient, physical examination was incon-9 B* _3 O2 k# K
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 s6 H( |  z* F1 e3 X4 p7 Rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, S: o& s( ?" g9 mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father5 h/ k8 r) ?* g
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 X9 K6 j8 p" V6 h/ e
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
# j/ m; s3 Y6 S, z. u& ebeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-6 m+ s, m; ]; U9 R, J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 J9 ^8 N( d& r5 p! Y4 B) T; `biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- s! U7 }7 q# D" j6 j' r- Seither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; H' y+ ?( ~. p* z0 O8 Tdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 P/ ^% t4 P6 @: w* U/ x: _ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( c5 ^5 l' A" z; N# `& @
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- [; C' Q$ T1 C( M! zsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  _+ M: _2 Q0 W* c+ k1 cthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-; R0 b6 e; K+ h' X/ U
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( f  c. j3 F! ?/ D  N) m% \
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  n, v/ x% {2 v6 J* n7 v
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: n) Y1 `1 Y( t  _: }' @& Iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’% R$ C) G, W6 H# O; h+ R
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
8 h7 d% G6 u7 V+ M4 t, B; lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
% V+ j  U$ E; Q& T% N, cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ i9 ~- Q# n/ i; u2 R) y% A! VSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 }: `2 n' a& ?; f$ ?" I6 vbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 M9 b, }: L/ `( U2 `& W' H- n5 `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; D* b' e0 h% B
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& u! j$ u% P9 q3 g% o$ j5 E
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ J' Y* r' u; G1 [# rOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  f) G7 U4 \' d- a8 q- X1 P$ z$ \which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; G# t4 G: h$ x9 P* H5 Hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-4 [. F, h' P+ E; g; E' T
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more' K$ ?# Y' m5 n: X0 _! Z# C1 C
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ W- f" N' m- u7 b. Y. v  {! W9 H
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  y1 R) G  \. N& ~3 ^# w$ S! E2 @drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, C5 H# _. U( b' n2 ]3 [, A4 Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" y0 K# e9 D4 x, z1 i# V
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 {  w! c% M/ }advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.7 h1 K+ ~4 G& d0 ^) k) D
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
6 d" n) D- _) Y& w6 C# Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
% O3 [' b- c1 P( M  v9 Vadult height are not fully known and always remain
* }/ y+ g) J9 K# w2 B/ Ia concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 y/ f5 b& |1 P  hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 {/ `! h0 P: {2 w$ p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after$ f% X1 [4 G7 R: b0 }7 N7 m
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
( C9 Q; s3 z+ G' g2 a% Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 X1 Y1 l2 Q% K. D& c: DThere are conflicting reports and controversy
; M; c9 ]/ j8 f& qover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" N9 `9 L1 }! ?) L
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# z' H9 X/ G7 f9 p, }7 P9 i" Oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-8 y& f; I' `4 J  d  a
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; r( i( r1 W7 rSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between2 f& j# W) ]0 p& s2 {% O
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult5 }: f! I' [3 \) V/ u6 ^
penile length in clinical studies.
5 |/ C# k0 \) }9 ?1 z9 dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 F# J9 z7 @. P0 _: @3 g" l
going to experience any of the untoward effects from6 E5 i) r3 e( `. ^% P  u
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
) M0 s4 N  o, S5 f" Zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.% ^( l7 X* g: z) w2 Z0 b
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
+ d! B7 j! y& t. p0 H9 q1 X1 ?3 Pdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) [2 X& j& n% \- S
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult) ?# @( x; A: G& F( s$ |, B
height will not be affected.
/ M0 Z1 l. o% f# }) t: ZAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 C3 V! x8 e) H, t
ability of androgen products in our society may9 y+ {9 d$ v" l  [7 f3 t
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
/ @3 p" D" j# X3 a2 W, `4 B6 Dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-/ `% Y+ O* T: n- s  q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-1 j8 @1 l/ v% s( Y) E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
2 f5 X5 C0 {; Z1 I. u% ~! ?# ?gel should be asked of the family members during
% b2 n- s/ M7 Bthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-: C/ R$ z' f. N* y/ j
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 M) B1 o, `' R  C' j6 E" Wnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
! k0 T9 s7 t+ B& W4 H. ~appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 ^' ~- u' G  ]. }) S' d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 z# ]: z& w3 ]- cresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 d  ?0 ~+ S: P% {investigation. The primary care physician should be9 g; K( T5 ]; h/ R6 \/ f( c+ e
aware of this fact, because most of these children  }4 D4 H. j0 `1 \/ l5 r6 M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' U. Z" G/ X/ ~' a, vDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
( C3 t& |, X) E* x3 H0 |. }, [1 _warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 J7 v. t, Z! h7 t) M  H2 @female child who might come in contact with some-
' F! k5 k# g1 Ione using any of these products.
0 C) U% q& T8 t  Z  ^, XReferences
% n9 c: C( [2 }& X  Y' }9 M1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 B- {; H5 B2 Qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) \# k4 U+ q3 V& X+ C
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  Z& _$ K2 g8 _0 e2 [
2002: 565-628.0 N. m% w# ^, P8 o  z# D$ Y8 s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 W+ a' X# V  x% L& z  Wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
7 A$ D/ I" \$ s  W; d
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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